Determinants Of Suboptimal Breastfeeding †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Determinants Of Suboptimal Breastfeeding Practices? Answer: Introduction The best form of preventive medicine is known to be breastfeeding. It is the natural form of medicine for the child. However, globally 1.5 million deaths are reported due to the breastfeeding practices that are inappropriate or suboptimal. Children who are breastfeed exclusively in 4 months constitute only 38% of the infants (Victora et al., 2016). According to Lind et al. (2014), breastfeeding if universally practices in the first six months of life could save under 5 deaths of infants (approximately 13%). According to World Health organisation, breastfeeding should start within one hour after giving birth (Piwoz Huffman, 2015). However, the breastfeeding rate internationally is extremely variable. In the low and the middle-income countries, the challenge is to start breastfeeding within one hour. In the high-income countries it is observed that highly educated women and those well of are like to start this practice (Sutton et al., 2016). The aim of the assignment is to understand the factors that will work best to promote the breastfeeding for women and society. For this purpose, a systematic review is conducted. The results are concluded with the clear and succinct objectives for a new health promotion intervention based on the assessment of the evidence that is collected. What motivated this review? The systematic review on this topic is conducted because the children who are breastfeed are more likely to survive the first few months of life. This issue is important because women face several challenges to breastfeeding. These may include busy schedule of working women, lack of flexible working days, lack of appropriate spaces for this practice without feeling of embarrassment, poor policy formulation pertaining to this area, excess advertisement of the substitutes for breast milk (Ogbo et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to have new ways for prompting breastfeeding. Although, there is a good amount of research pertaining to breastfeeding, there is hardly any systematic review on new ways of its promotion. It is therefore, important to know that the understand the factors that will work best to promote the breastfeeding for women and society. The review would contribute to the better promotion of the breastfeeding practices. It will also help the policy makers to deliver future interventions and target subpopulation. Search strategy The database sources for the systematic review are the CINAHL, Google scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science. These databases were searched to retrieve articles that are published in English Language on different breastfeeding practices. The period chosen for the review of the article includes 2010-2017. The rationale for this timescale is the aim of getting latest information on the chosen topic (Moher et al., 2015). The rationale for choosing these electronic databases are the wide range of articles that are available on different filed of subjects. These databases give full text articles on life science and biomedical topics. The web of science database provides citations of each article along with the references and the link on who has cited it. The PubMed and the CINAHL databases contains more than 2900 journals, along with number of government documents covering nursing, complementary medicines, biomedicine, and 17 more allied health disciplines (Abdulla et al., 2016). Oth er than the electronic databases government websites were also selected for additional information. The main search terms used were breastfeeding promotion, breastfeeding or feeding practices interventions. Other search terms includes breastfeeding practices, infant or young child suboptimal or optimal breastfeeding practices, complementary feeding practices etc. To ensure effective search Boolean operators (mainly AND, OR) were used (Haroon et al., 2013). Inclusion and exclusion criteria (Haroon et al., 2013) The articles that were considered were ensured that they are related to breastfeeding practices or feeding practices, early initiation of breastfeeding practices, exclusive breastfeeding bottle feeding, or complementary feeding practices and promotion techniques Articles that deviated from the selected concept such as feeding practices in HIV mothers were excluded from the review Articles that updated on increase in breastfeeding practices in high income countries after any type of promotion were included Studies that mentioned about early initiation of breastfeeding were included Feeding practices as per the specifications of WHO/UNICEF and as defined for the infant and young child feeding indicators were considered (Piwoz Huffman, 2015) The research methodology and the study design were also taken into the consideration such as randomised controlled trials (with or without blinding), cohort studies etc. on any breastfeeding promotion intervention Only articles with English publications were considered Summary evidence from the research findings After reviewing about 11 articles, it was found that the poor growth and morbidity in the children was attributed to the inappropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. In low-income countries (such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Malawi), the feeding practices are very poor when compared to middle and high-income countries (such as USA, Australia, UK). The poor feeding practices were related with socio-economic factors such as household wealth, maternal education, and individual parameters such as age of the mother and maternal and other factors such as place of delivery and others. Breastfeeding practices were influenced by the cultural belief. In Australia, poor breastfeeding practices were found in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders group. Australia is falling very short in meeting the exclusive breastfeeding recommendations of WHO. Other than that 96% of the women in Australia initiate breastfeeding. In countries like India, counselling initiatives taken by specific communities considering the socioeconomic factors for example the peer counselling of mothers were found to improve the breastfeeding practices. Other than that use of the change agents such as volunteers, nurses, physicians for counselling improved the breastfeeding rate. Women receiving education on breastfeeding showed significant improvement in both the high and the low income countries. However, the rate of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth did not improve. The baseline breastfeeding rates were significantly low in minority ethnic women and low-income women in USA and Australia. There was overall little evidence on the strategies related to social media or multimedia, community group for breastfeeding or early mother-infant contact in improving the breastfeeding initiation. Conclusion The conclusion from the evidence includes success of community-based interventions and facility based promotions in improving the breastfeeding practices. It can be concluded from the evidence collected that there is need of identifying the specific interventions that are likely to be effective in different population groups. This needs high quality research. The set of interventions that were found to be most effective in increasing the breastfeeding practices are use of trained volunteers, midwives, nurses, for delivering the education sessions for new mothers and counselling sessions can increase the breastfeeding sessions. Thus, a new health promotion intervention is required that will encompass all of them as each of them are effective. Hence, overall this intervention will be effective. New health promotion intervention based on the evidence The study objective is to- Introduce a new health promotion intervention. This intervention will comprise of set of other effective promotion strategies. The steps of intervention will be to Provide prenatal breastfeeding education It will include antenatal classes for each intervention group. It will also involve addressing family concerns. Further, education will also comprise of video classes and breastfeeding pamphlet. It will create awareness on the importance of breastfeeding soon after birth and hazards associated with formula Professional lactation support- Members of intervention group will be visited by the lactation expert for 15-30 minutes. The rationale is to provide hand on support on breastfeeding positioning and concerns related to it. Experts will visit the house of the individual mothers in the intervention group to ensure continuity of breastfeeding after discharge. Visiting days may include 1, 3, 7 and 15. Monthky visits will be provided until 6 months postpartum. For reaching other women living in remote area a 24 hour hotline service via telephone will be given Use of social media for increase promotion by mass awareness and social network. Use of Facebook pages and Twitter for strengthening existing social linkages. Develop new social linkages through flyers for inviting mother who want to support the cause. This health promotion technique involves multiple methods and it is suggested to deliver by an informal approach such as face-to-face contact, home visit, hospital visit, telephone call for giving detailed set of information and instructions to the new mothers. This intervention is based on the review of various other strategies merged from literature. Study objectives from the evidence To improve the feeding practices of mothers in high and low income regions and ethnic minorities in Australia- Use of intervention that encompass all the other health promotion strategies that were individually effective as suggested above To liase with the non-government and the government bodies on how to formulate policies for new health promotion intervention and for implementation of current policies and guidelines for the infant feeding practices Need of future research There is a need of more research in low and the middle-income countries to know the factors that can promote breast-feeding right after birth in low-income women. There is need of identifying the specific interventions that are likely to be effective in different population groups (Sutton et al., 2016). References Abdulla, A., Abdulla, A., Krishnamurthy, M., Krishnamurthy, M. (2016). 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