Federal Government s Intervention Into The Ku Klux Klan...

Casey Carmody 20 May 2015 Mr. Maestranzi U.S. History Research Paper Federal Government’s Intervention’s into the Ku Klux Klan’s Activities In the late 1800’s, during the period of Reconstruction, there was fear and hate of African Americans by white southerners. This fear and hate rooted from the fact that African American’s now had the same rights and freedoms as white people. This caused an uproar. Because of this, people were coming together and sharing their feelings and ideas about the newly freed African Americans. This is how the KKK, also known as the Ku Klux Klan, came about. The Ku Klux Klan was began in 1866 by white men in Pulaski, Tennessee. The men that came together to create the Ku Klux Klan were mostly ex-confederate soldiers who were unhappy with the outcome of the Civil War. These men that used intimidation methods and violence. These men covered themselves as well as their horses in white sheets and rode through towns, causing scenes and using horrifying intimidation acts, especially against African Americans. The Klan was at an all time high of members especially in the South. In the height of the Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan was planning to re-establish white supremacy. This is when the federal government began to intervene. The federal government wanted to intervene to make a difference in what the Klan was doing. Their plan was to limit the actions of the Ku Klux Klan. The federal government attempted to put a stop to the activities of the KuShow MoreRelatedThe Ku Klux Klan. Cody Weber : Honors American History Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pages The Ku Klux Klan Cody Weber Honors American History Period 8 The Ku Klux Klan took a stand against equal rights for African Americans in a negative and racial manner by assaulting and abusing them. By doing this, the KKK wanted to make them feel like a lesser race. 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Determinants Of Suboptimal Breastfeeding †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Determinants Of Suboptimal Breastfeeding Practices? Answer: Introduction The best form of preventive medicine is known to be breastfeeding. It is the natural form of medicine for the child. However, globally 1.5 million deaths are reported due to the breastfeeding practices that are inappropriate or suboptimal. Children who are breastfeed exclusively in 4 months constitute only 38% of the infants (Victora et al., 2016). According to Lind et al. (2014), breastfeeding if universally practices in the first six months of life could save under 5 deaths of infants (approximately 13%). According to World Health organisation, breastfeeding should start within one hour after giving birth (Piwoz Huffman, 2015). However, the breastfeeding rate internationally is extremely variable. In the low and the middle-income countries, the challenge is to start breastfeeding within one hour. In the high-income countries it is observed that highly educated women and those well of are like to start this practice (Sutton et al., 2016). The aim of the assignment is to understand the factors that will work best to promote the breastfeeding for women and society. For this purpose, a systematic review is conducted. The results are concluded with the clear and succinct objectives for a new health promotion intervention based on the assessment of the evidence that is collected. What motivated this review? The systematic review on this topic is conducted because the children who are breastfeed are more likely to survive the first few months of life. This issue is important because women face several challenges to breastfeeding. These may include busy schedule of working women, lack of flexible working days, lack of appropriate spaces for this practice without feeling of embarrassment, poor policy formulation pertaining to this area, excess advertisement of the substitutes for breast milk (Ogbo et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to have new ways for prompting breastfeeding. Although, there is a good amount of research pertaining to breastfeeding, there is hardly any systematic review on new ways of its promotion. It is therefore, important to know that the understand the factors that will work best to promote the breastfeeding for women and society. The review would contribute to the better promotion of the breastfeeding practices. It will also help the policy makers to deliver future interventions and target subpopulation. Search strategy The database sources for the systematic review are the CINAHL, Google scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science. These databases were searched to retrieve articles that are published in English Language on different breastfeeding practices. The period chosen for the review of the article includes 2010-2017. The rationale for this timescale is the aim of getting latest information on the chosen topic (Moher et al., 2015). The rationale for choosing these electronic databases are the wide range of articles that are available on different filed of subjects. These databases give full text articles on life science and biomedical topics. The web of science database provides citations of each article along with the references and the link on who has cited it. The PubMed and the CINAHL databases contains more than 2900 journals, along with number of government documents covering nursing, complementary medicines, biomedicine, and 17 more allied health disciplines (Abdulla et al., 2016). Oth er than the electronic databases government websites were also selected for additional information. The main search terms used were breastfeeding promotion, breastfeeding or feeding practices interventions. Other search terms includes breastfeeding practices, infant or young child suboptimal or optimal breastfeeding practices, complementary feeding practices etc. To ensure effective search Boolean operators (mainly AND, OR) were used (Haroon et al., 2013). Inclusion and exclusion criteria (Haroon et al., 2013) The articles that were considered were ensured that they are related to breastfeeding practices or feeding practices, early initiation of breastfeeding practices, exclusive breastfeeding bottle feeding, or complementary feeding practices and promotion techniques Articles that deviated from the selected concept such as feeding practices in HIV mothers were excluded from the review Articles that updated on increase in breastfeeding practices in high income countries after any type of promotion were included Studies that mentioned about early initiation of breastfeeding were included Feeding practices as per the specifications of WHO/UNICEF and as defined for the infant and young child feeding indicators were considered (Piwoz Huffman, 2015) The research methodology and the study design were also taken into the consideration such as randomised controlled trials (with or without blinding), cohort studies etc. on any breastfeeding promotion intervention Only articles with English publications were considered Summary evidence from the research findings After reviewing about 11 articles, it was found that the poor growth and morbidity in the children was attributed to the inappropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. In low-income countries (such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Malawi), the feeding practices are very poor when compared to middle and high-income countries (such as USA, Australia, UK). The poor feeding practices were related with socio-economic factors such as household wealth, maternal education, and individual parameters such as age of the mother and maternal and other factors such as place of delivery and others. Breastfeeding practices were influenced by the cultural belief. In Australia, poor breastfeeding practices were found in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders group. Australia is falling very short in meeting the exclusive breastfeeding recommendations of WHO. Other than that 96% of the women in Australia initiate breastfeeding. In countries like India, counselling initiatives taken by specific communities considering the socioeconomic factors for example the peer counselling of mothers were found to improve the breastfeeding practices. Other than that use of the change agents such as volunteers, nurses, physicians for counselling improved the breastfeeding rate. Women receiving education on breastfeeding showed significant improvement in both the high and the low income countries. However, the rate of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth did not improve. The baseline breastfeeding rates were significantly low in minority ethnic women and low-income women in USA and Australia. There was overall little evidence on the strategies related to social media or multimedia, community group for breastfeeding or early mother-infant contact in improving the breastfeeding initiation. Conclusion The conclusion from the evidence includes success of community-based interventions and facility based promotions in improving the breastfeeding practices. It can be concluded from the evidence collected that there is need of identifying the specific interventions that are likely to be effective in different population groups. This needs high quality research. The set of interventions that were found to be most effective in increasing the breastfeeding practices are use of trained volunteers, midwives, nurses, for delivering the education sessions for new mothers and counselling sessions can increase the breastfeeding sessions. Thus, a new health promotion intervention is required that will encompass all of them as each of them are effective. Hence, overall this intervention will be effective. New health promotion intervention based on the evidence The study objective is to- Introduce a new health promotion intervention. This intervention will comprise of set of other effective promotion strategies. The steps of intervention will be to Provide prenatal breastfeeding education It will include antenatal classes for each intervention group. It will also involve addressing family concerns. Further, education will also comprise of video classes and breastfeeding pamphlet. It will create awareness on the importance of breastfeeding soon after birth and hazards associated with formula Professional lactation support- Members of intervention group will be visited by the lactation expert for 15-30 minutes. The rationale is to provide hand on support on breastfeeding positioning and concerns related to it. Experts will visit the house of the individual mothers in the intervention group to ensure continuity of breastfeeding after discharge. Visiting days may include 1, 3, 7 and 15. Monthky visits will be provided until 6 months postpartum. For reaching other women living in remote area a 24 hour hotline service via telephone will be given Use of social media for increase promotion by mass awareness and social network. Use of Facebook pages and Twitter for strengthening existing social linkages. Develop new social linkages through flyers for inviting mother who want to support the cause. This health promotion technique involves multiple methods and it is suggested to deliver by an informal approach such as face-to-face contact, home visit, hospital visit, telephone call for giving detailed set of information and instructions to the new mothers. This intervention is based on the review of various other strategies merged from literature. Study objectives from the evidence To improve the feeding practices of mothers in high and low income regions and ethnic minorities in Australia- Use of intervention that encompass all the other health promotion strategies that were individually effective as suggested above To liase with the non-government and the government bodies on how to formulate policies for new health promotion intervention and for implementation of current policies and guidelines for the infant feeding practices Need of future research There is a need of more research in low and the middle-income countries to know the factors that can promote breast-feeding right after birth in low-income women. There is need of identifying the specific interventions that are likely to be effective in different population groups (Sutton et al., 2016). References Abdulla, A., Abdulla, A., Krishnamurthy, M., Krishnamurthy, M. (2016). Comparing retrieval of systematic review searches in health sciences areas using two major databases.Reference Reviews,30(8), 1-5. Australian Breastfeeding Association (2017).Breastfeeding rates in Australia. [online] Australian Breastfeeding Association. Available at: https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/general-breastfeeding-information/breastfeeding-rates-australia [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Balogun, O. O., O'Sullivan, E. J., McFadden, A., Ota, E., Gavine, A., Garner, C. D., ... MacGillivray, S. (2016). Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding.The Cochrane Library. Boakye-Yiadom, A., Yidana, A., Sam, N. B., Kolog, B., Abotsi, A. (2016). Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices among Women in the West Mamprusi District in Northern Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study.Public Health Research,6(3), 91-98. Eide, K. T., Fadnes, L. T., Engebretsen, I. M. S., Onarheim, K. H., Wamani, H., Tumwine, J. K., ... PROMISE-EBF Study Group**. (2016). Impact of a peer-counseling intervention on breastfeeding practices in different socioeconomic strata: results from the equity analysis of the PROMISE-EBF trial in Uganda.Global health action,9(1), 30578. Haroon, S., Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Imdad, A., Bhutta, Z. A. (2013). Breastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: a systematic review.BMC public health,13(3), S20. Hawkins, S. S., Stern, A. D., Gillman, M. W. (2013). Do state breastfeeding laws in the USA promote breast feeding?.J Epidemiol Community Health,67(3), 250-256. Lind, J. N., Perrine, C. G., Li, R., Scanlon, K. S., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Racial disparities in access to maternity care practices that support breastfeedingUnited States, 2011.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,63(33), 725-728. Maharaj, N., Bandyopadhyay, M. (2013). Breastfeeding practices of ethnic Indian immigrant women in Melbourne, Australia.International breastfeeding journal,8(1), 17. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., ... Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement.Systematic reviews,4(1), 1. Ogbo, F. A., Agho, K. E., Page, A. (2015). Determinants of suboptimal breastfeeding practices in Nigeria: evidence from the 2008 demographic and health survey.BMC public health,15(1), 259. Ogbo, F. A., Agho, K. E., Page, A. (2015). Determinants of suboptimal breastfeeding practices in Nigeria: evidence from the 2008 demographic and health survey.BMC public health,15(1), 259. Oliveira, I. B. B., Leal, L. P., Coriolano?Marinus, M. W. D. L., Santos, A. H. D. S., Horta, B. L., Pontes, C. M. (2017). Meta?analysis of the effectiveness of educational interventions for breastfeeding promotion directed to the woman and her social network.Journal of advanced nursing,73(2), 323-335. Piwoz, E. G., Huffman, S. L. (2015). The impact of marketing of breast-milk substitutes on WHO-recommended breastfeeding practices.Food and Nutrition Bulletin,36(4), 373-386. Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., ... Group, T. L. B. S. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?.The Lancet,387(10017), 491-504. Sutton, M., ODonoghue, E., Keane, M., Farragher, L., Long, J. (2016). Interventions that promote increased breastfeeding rates and breastfeeding duration among women. Tahir, N. M., Al-Sadat, N. (2013). Does telephone lactation counselling improve breastfeeding practices?: A randomised controlled trial.International journal of nursing studies,50(1), 16-25. Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., Frana, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... Group, T. L. B. S. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.The Lancet,387(10017), 475-490.

History of Fingerprinting Essay Example

History of Fingerprinting Essay Forensic science used in criminal justice has recently been revolutionized with new DNA technology, but fingerprinting is still the most valid and effective form of identification used in law enforcement today. Going back in the time of ancient Babylon, fingerprints and ridge patterns were used on clay tablets for business transactions and governmental procedures. By the 14th century, the fact that no two prints were alike was becoming more noticeable, thus the history of the fingerprint began.Noting the ridges, spirals, and loops in fingerprints, Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, made no declaration to the value of personal identification, but began to point out the differences in fingerprint patterns in 1686. Then, in 1823, a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, John Evangelist Purkinji, discussed nine fingerprint patterns in a published thesis, but still did not take notice to the individuality of each print. It wasnt until 1856 that Englishman and Chief Magistrate, Sir William Hershel, used fingerprints on native documents.After gathering many prints, Hershel took notice to the fact that all the prints were unique and could prove identity from all those he made transactions with. Dr. Henry Faulds, the British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukihi Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, shared his studies with Charles Darwin in 1880, but Darwin, who was rather ill at the time, could be of no service to Faulds studies. Eight years later, Sir Francis Galton, a British anthropologist and Darwins cousin, began to study Faulds articles on fingerprint classification. Galton began to concentrate on linking fingerprints to genetic history and intelligence, but had no luck. Scientifically proving that fingerprints never changed during ones lifetime, Galton stated that the odds of two prints to be exactly the same were 1 in 64 billion. In 1901, Sir Edward Richard Henry revised

Admissions Statistics for Saint Josephs College in Indiana

Admissions Statistics for Saint Joseph's College in Indiana To apply to Saint Josephs College, interested students will need to submit an application, along with official high school transcripts and scores from either the SAT or the ACT. The school has an acceptance rate of 77%. Those with good grades and test scores have a good chance of being admittedif your test scores fall within or above the ranges listed below, you are on track for admission. If you have any questions about the admissions process or application requirements, be sure to visit Saint Josephs website, or get in touch with someone from the admissions office. Admissions Data (2016): Saint Josephs College Acceptance Rate: 77%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 425  / 515SAT Math: 430 / 530SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 21  / 24ACT English: 16  / 24ACT Math: 17 / 23What these ACT numbers mean Saint Josephs College Description: Founded in 1889, Saint Joseph’s College is a four-year, private, Roman Catholic college located on a 180-acre campus in Rensselaer, Indiana, an hour and a half from both Chicago and Indianapolis. Students come from 23 states and a majority live on campus. With roughly 1,200 students and a student/faculty ratio of 14 to 1, SJC offers an intimate college experience in which students get to work closely with their professors. Saint Josephs College students can choose from 27 majors, 35 minors, and 9 pre-professional programs. The top majors are nursing, biology, and business administration. The Princeton Review has frequently named Saint Joe among the â€Å"Best Regional Colleges.† SJC has a long list of student clubs and organizations on campus, as well as eight intramural sports including flag football, ultimate frisbee, and dodgeball. For intercollegiate sports, the Saint Josephs College Pumas compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) with 18 teams, 9 men’s and 9 women’s. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 972  (950 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 48% Male / 52% Female93% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $30,080Books: $900 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,480Other Expenses: $1,420Total Cost: $41,880 Saint Josephs College Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 96%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96%Loans: 75%Average Amount of AidGrants: $22,294Loans: $7,117 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business, Criminal Justice, Elementary Education, Nursing, Psychology Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 69%4-Year Graduation Rate: 43%6-Year Graduation Rate: 50% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Baseball, Golf, Soccer, Tennis, Basketball, Track, and FieldWomens Sports:  Softball, Soccer, Tennis, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Saint Josephs College, You May Also Like These Schools: Ball State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphValparaiso University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHanover College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIndiana University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTrine University: Profile  University of St. Francis: Profile  Saint Xavier University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Indianapolis: Profile  Butler University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Article Review for Graduate Level Educational Research Class Essay

Article Review for Graduate Level Educational Research Class - Essay Example Maslow’s understanding is that ‘if one is to transform the performance of an average person in any field , then one has to study the peak performers, understand the way they work and think and then impart the same skills to the performer who is average to reach the peak’. This understanding was a driving force for Smith and Strahan who chose to study three experts in the field of teaching, watch them in an active environment and collect the information which can help them to create a set of personality traits that makes expert teachers. The study, although was very minute, extensive and thorough, seems to be little rigid. There are many ways and aspects of the study where the researchers could have taken a broader path. This study was undertaken to create a model which can be a tool for beginners in teaching field to understand what makes an expert teacher and how to become one. The aim of the study was to make American Public schools a centre of excellence by helping the teachers of average quality to learn from the experts. Now, when we talk of development of whole country where thousands of schools are involved, is it really valid to create a prototype based on the study of just three teachers? I think that the study should have been conducted nationwide and not just in one state. Teachers with different backgrounds, different cultures and different states should have been studied as we all know that everything changes with difference in the state. This not only would have helped to gain more insight into understanding the expertise in teaching but also would have generated more and more central skills as

Leading the Way - A Marketing Plan for Sustainable Competitive Essay

Leading the Way - A Marketing Plan for Sustainable Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Apple may have to invest a great deal of financial and human capital effort into performing market research to gain new market interest, something the firm is not experienced with as, historically, Apple has chosen to focus on developing existing markets through product development strategies. Marketing Strategy and Analysis for Apple, Inc. 1.0 Introduction Apple, Inc. has long been considered a pioneering company; an innovative organisation that develops unique products with features and benefits unavailable by competition that gives the business a positive market position. Marketing has been one of the fundamental success factors for Apple, especially in relation to launch of the iPod, iPhone and iPad, methods of differentiating the business from other competition. Marketing is defined as being all-inclusive of all activities related to commercial exchanges that involve advertising, branding, distribution, establishment of pricing structures, and responding to consumer behaviour pa tterns (McCall 2003). Apple successfully utilises marketing in order to build relationships with consumers that lead to brand loyalty, attachments that have consumers favouring Apple branded products over other competitive products offered by such competitors as Samsung and Blackberry. Apple focuses on building a brand, a holistic representation of the business that is reflective of quality and internal corporate values. Branding is a strategy that creates the ability to build connectivity between internal market-centric assets and important target markets that allow a business to nurture its resources effectively (Abimbola 2001). Apple maintains a brand strategy that reflects emotional appeals, building a brand personality that emphasises such consumer-centric concepts as â€Å"inspiring passion and hope, power-to-the-people through facilitating technology, imagination and liberty regained† (Robinson 2012, p.2). This is how loyal markets view Apple as a leader in the technol ogy industry. 2.0 Responses to competitor activities Apple uses marketing as a tool to create perceptions in desired target markets that Apple products and services as superior to competitor brands. Apple is adept in creating pioneering products that have relatively long product life cycles as competitors are not able to quickly replicate the features and benefits of Apple branded products. Apple, in the early 2000s, was able to gain favourable market attention and brand preference with diverse markets by being the first-to-market. According to marketing theory, the publicity associated with pre-launch activities set up the foundation for brand loyalty. When a first-mover achieves positive gains with an innovative product, they actually define the product category and are seen as a model by which consumers evaluate late movers (Agarwal and Gort 2001; Liberman and Montgomery 1988). Apple is not generally taken to creating marketing strategies as a response to competitive efforts, but to build proactive methodologies of promotion that enhance its public brand reputation through media coverage. The former CEO, Steve Jobs, used to serve as a relevant and trusted celebrity endorser that engaged many diverse consumer

Industrial Relations vs. Worker Safety and Health

Industrial Relations vs. Worker Safety and Health Industrial Relations vs. Workers Safety and Health aspects A). The Past and The Present Links Between Industrial Relations And Safety And Health Introduction Industrial relations or better still ‘employment relations’ together with safety and health aspects of any organizations are vital elements in the relationship between the employee and the employer. In simple terms, industrial relations refer to the relationship between employees and the employers. It is a multidimensional field which looks into the employment relationship between the employers and the employees as it’s a cutting edge focusing on the ever changing nature, forms and regulations of the employment relationship. The main objective of this paper is to look into the past and links between safety and health practices within an organization and the industrial relations, in addition to the importance for safety and health practitioners (Monappa, 1990). Since time immemorial, all employers have a duty of care to their employees, and in turn the inception of the Occupational health and safety (OHS) concept which became paramount in employments. Moreover, a safe working place between the employees and the employer involves more than the physical environment. Harassment and bullying, discrimination and equal opportunity are as well important topics and relate equally to employee welfare as do, the more obvious physical hazards in the workplace. The main aim of â€Å"Occupational health within an organization is the maintenance and promotion of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations within an organization. In addition, it also helps in the prevention of workers leaving work due to health caused cases in their working conditions (Edwards, 2003). Links between industrial relations and safety and health The term industrial reactions have a broad and also narrow outlook. In the past, the term industrial relations were broadly defined in order to include the relationships and interactions between the employees and the employer. From this perspective, industrial relation the aspect of industrial relations entailed all the aspects of employment relationships, such as human resource management, employee relations, and union-management (or labor) relations. Over the time the issues that were once under the umbrella of the ‘industrial relations’. However, the definition of the term has seen changes, becoming more specific and restricted. It is the gradual changes of industrial relations that have seen the connections between ‘its’ and the health and safety measures within an organization continue to exist (Blanpain Baker, 2010). Consequently, industrial relations pertains to the study and practice of combined negotiations, trade unionism, and labor-management relations, while on the other hand human resource management is a disconnect, largely distinct field that deals with non-union employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of employers. In addition, it also entails the management of differences/conflict between employers, workers, and trade unions whenever it arises. Evidently, the nature of industrial relations is shifting, and the impetus for the same being provided by the changing scenarios. However, the main connection remains as the enhancement of the worker-employer relationship whereby one of the aspects is the provision of health and safety measures to the employees (Venkataramana, 2007). It is evident that, the environment in which employers-employees and trade unions find themselves has changed considerably in the one decade and will go on with changing over the coming times. One of the changes that is noticeable is the ongoing disintegration of workplaces and the shift in the balance from collective to individual models of employment relations. However, the functions of the industrial relations remain as they were’ protecting the employer through the maintenance of a healthy relationship between all the parties involved in employment. The significance of the workplace relations over the time shows the link between the industrial relations and safety and health is there and still remains. Traditionally, employment (or industry) relations, has been associated with the management of either collective or individual conflict in the workplace. In recent years, the focus has opened out to consider the benefits of high performance working on productivity, but also the wider social implications for individuals and their dependents. The workplace provides not only the money that we need to support ourselves and our families, but it can also provide purpose, status, and friendship, allowing people to develop new skills, both technical and social. The ability of line managers to manage employment relations on a day-to-day basis and to get the best from their staff has implications for innovation, productivity, quality and reliability, and ultimately levels of growth at a national level and our ability to compete on the global stage. With so much invested in work by managers and employees individually, employment relations have never been so important (Stellman, 1998). B). Importance for â€Å"Safety and Health† Practitioners to Understand Industrial Relations As seen above, industrial relations are an important aspect in the management of organizations. There is in turn a very strong and positive business case for the safety and health practitioners to understand all the aspects of industrial relations. This would enable all the parties involved to fully understand what is needed for each one of them. In addition, it helps understand the fact that, a happy and healthy employee is a more productive employee. In turn it enables the employer understand the repercussions of disgruntled employees. The very last thing any employer would want is a group of dissatisfied employees who might scrutiny their organization’s administration team as one that is concerned only about profits and not anything for workers well-being because this group will not be very industrious.Clear understanding of industrial relations helps the management to take care of their employees for better return in terms of productivity. Moreover, clear understanding of the industrial relations, helps in placing and maintaining of worker in a work-related setting through the adaptation and understanding of physiological and psychological capabilities of the employees. This can be summarized as the ability to manage the workforce for maximum production within an organization (House builder’s health safety, 2008). In addition, understanding of industrial relations helps the management to understand the fact that, injuries and ill-health that is caused by poor work circumstances can impose significant and repeatedly unrecognized monetary and legal costs to their organizations. Not to state the implication that could be felt if the corporation directors are found to have been negligent for the workers. Word also gets out and a company with a poor health and safety record will be far less appealing in a tender bid than one which is already fully compliant and has a good health and safety record. Even those companies that do not tender for work still need to protect their reputation; hence a good reputation can be maintained, through understanding of Industrial Relations (Wilson et all, 2003). Conclusion Industrial relation has grown to become of the broad aspects within organization management. The employees-employer relation has been enhanced by the understanding of the aspects within the industrial relations. This in turn brought along the issues of safety and health for the employees within any given organization. Through the understanding of public relations, the employer understands the main focus of occupational health, such as: (i) the maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working capacity; (ii) the improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health and (iii) development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of the undertakings. References Monappa, A. (1990).Industrial relations. New Delhi: Tata mcGraw-Hill. Edwards, P. (2003).Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Pub. Blanpain, R., Baker, J. 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